Study: Nurse-practitioner-led, multidisciplinary diabetes management through Billings Clinic, including rural telehealth delivery. 12

Design and measurements: The protocol proposed comparing intensive team care with traditional care and assessing whether a telehealth approach could extend the model to rural settings. 600 participants were anticipated, not verified as actual enrollment. Planned outcomes included HbA1c, blood pressure, lipids, preventive eye and foot care, albuminuria screening, patient knowledge, utilization, and implementation barriers. 12

What is established: The historical record is completed, but numerical glycemic, cost, and utilization results were not verified. Its statements about what the intervention “should” accomplish describe expectations, not observed findings. This identifier does not, by itself, prove that a particular professional staffing model lowers complications or costs. 12